{"id":3961,"date":"2019-11-27T11:56:01","date_gmt":"2019-11-27T08:56:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/?p=3961"},"modified":"2019-11-27T11:56:04","modified_gmt":"2019-11-27T08:56:04","slug":"sanal-ve-hiyerarsik-bakis-acimizin-ekolojik-krizdeki-rolu-mehmet-ali-celik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/2019\/11\/27\/sanal-ve-hiyerarsik-bakis-acimizin-ekolojik-krizdeki-rolu-mehmet-ali-celik\/","title":{"rendered":"Sanal ve Hiyerar\u015fik Bak\u0131\u015f A\u00e7\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n Ekolojik Krizdeki Rol\u00fc &#8211; Mehmet Ali \u00c7elik"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Do\u011fada ne fare a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k bir canl\u0131 unsurdur, ne de aslan soylu bir hayvand\u0131r. Bu tarz \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar, k\u00f6kenini ilk toplumsal alt-\u00fcst olu\u015ftan alan insana dair k\u00f6t\u00fc huylu sanal \u00fcretimler.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ekolojik krizin kaynaklar\u0131ndan bahsederken, \u00e7o\u011funlukla mevcut sistem ele\u015ftirisi yaparak i\u015fe ba\u015flar\u0131z. Daha sonra sanayi devrimi ve yedi milyar\u0131 a\u015fan insan n\u00fcfusundan dem vururuz. Son olarak ise do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 daha dikkatli ve tasarruflu t\u00fcketmekten bahsederek, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bunlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc do\u011fru fakat kriz daha derin. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha detayl\u0131 analizler gerekir. Ru\u015fen Kele\u015f vd. \u00c7evre Politikas\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, ekolojik krizden \u015f\u00f6yle bahseder: \u00e7evresel sorunlar ekonomik kriz gibi a\u015f\u0131labilir, y\u00f6netim krizi gibi gelip ge\u00e7ici, sinir krizi gibi denetim alt\u0131nda tutulabilir bir sorundan daha derin, daha uzun soluklu ve daha karma\u015f\u0131k sorunlar yuma\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu krize sorunlar yuma\u011f\u0131 derken, biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin yok olmas\u0131ndan, ormans\u0131zla\u015fma ve iklim krizine kadar uzanan geni\u015f bir yelpazeye yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekilir. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler b\u00fcnyesinde faaliyet g\u00f6steren H\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Paneli (IPCC) raporuna g\u00f6re; \u015fu an b\u00fct\u00fcn fabrikalara kilit vurulsa, u\u00e7aklar u\u00e7masa ve arabalar kontak kapatsa yani sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 tamamen dursa, iklim krizinin etkileri en az 100 y\u0131l daha s\u00fcrecek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00fcnyadaki mevcut sular\u0131n yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 3\u2019l\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tatl\u0131 su. Yani \u00e7ok az bir miktar\u0131 i\u00e7ilebilir. Bu sular h\u0131zla kirletilerek yok ediliyor. T\u00fcrk M\u00fchendis ve Mimar Odalar\u0131 Birli\u011fi (TMMOB) \u00c7evre M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n raporuna g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki sular\u0131n y\u00fczde 79\u2019u kirletildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n hemen ba\u015flar\u0131nda iki bin y\u0131lda yok olan kadar hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ortadan kalkmas\u0131 ile \u015fu anki canl\u0131lar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 20\u2019lik bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda yok olacak olmas\u0131 gibi etkiler, ekolojik krizin baz\u0131 yans\u0131malar\u0131. Bu \u00f6rnekler krizin ne denli ciddi oldu\u011funu ve acil bir \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretilmesi gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ekolojik krizin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bilhassa son 50 y\u0131lda bir\u00e7ok \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yolu denendi. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131nda, genellikle tekno-bilimsel y\u00f6ntemler \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Halbuki sorunun politik, psikolojik, felsefi ve etik boyutlar\u0131 var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ge\u00e7mi\u015f tecr\u00fcbeler, \u00e7evresel sorunlar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda salt tekno-bilimsel giri\u015fimlerin bazen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fil aksine krizi derinle\u015ftiren neden oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cOzon gaz\u0131n\u0131n delinmesi\u201d olarak bilinen soruna getirilen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, \u00e7evre meselesinin yaln\u0131zca bilimsel y\u00f6ntemler ile \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyece\u011fine iyi bir \u00f6rnek. Ozon gaz\u0131n\u0131n incelmesi ya da seyrelmesi olarak bilinen olay, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde art\u0131k tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda Montreal Protokol\u00fc ile ozonu kemiren gaz\u0131n kloroflorokarbon oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu gaz\u0131n sanayide kullan\u0131m\u0131 yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kloroflorokarbon gaz\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 sonucunda ozon gaz\u0131n\u0131n incelmesi veya seyrelmesi sorunu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc. Ancak kloroflorokarbon yerine halokarbonlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda nur topu gibi yeni bir sorun d\u00fcnya g\u00fcndemine damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015ftur: k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fimi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nitekim halokarbon kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n atmosferdeki sera gaz\u0131 etkisini artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Bug\u00fcn iklim krizinin temel nedeni, sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131nda meydana gelen art\u0131\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak iklimin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 ve buzullar\u0131n erimesi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ozon gaz\u0131n\u0131n seyrelmesini engellemek i\u00e7in kloroflorokarbon yerine kullan\u0131lan halokarbon yeni sorunlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burada vurgu yap\u0131lmak istenen durum, bilim ve teknoloji kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil sorunun tek bir y\u00f6ntemin pe\u015finden gidilerek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyece\u011fi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu yaz\u0131da, ekolojik problemlerin az dillendirilen bir kayna\u011f\u0131na de\u011finece\u011fim. Bu kaynak; sanal ve hiyerar\u015fik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Sanal ve hiyerar\u015fik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kas\u0131t, toplumun \u00f6z\u00fcnde olmayan yani sonradan kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc huylar\u0131\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu k\u00f6t\u00fc huylar\u0131n k\u00f6kenine inilecek olursak, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki neo-liberalist sistemin de buradan beslendi\u011fini g\u00f6rece\u011fiz. Zira mevcut sistem ilk defa hiyerar\u015fiyi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan toplumsal alt-\u00fcst olu\u015fun k\u00f6kleri \u00fczerinde filizlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Murray Bookchin\u2019e g\u00f6re, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ya\u015fanan \u00e7evresel felaketin ilk k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131 toplumsal alt-\u00fcst olu\u015fla \u00e7ak\u0131ld\u0131. Toplumsal alt-\u00fcst olu\u015f ne? \u0130lk defa hiyerar\u015finin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131. Bir ba\u015fka anlat\u0131mla; gerontokrasi (ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n topluluktaki yerlerini korumak i\u00e7in bilgi birikimini kullanmas\u0131 ve y\u00f6netimde ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011fa sahip olmas\u0131) ve patriar\u015finin (yetki alan\u0131 geni\u015fleyen kas g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip erke\u011fin, hiyerar\u015fik olarak kad\u0131na tahakk\u00fcm etmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131. Sosyal alt-\u00fcst olu\u015fla birlikte cinsiyet cinsiyetten, emek emekten, \u0131rk \u0131rktan \u00fcst\u00fcn tutulur hale geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreciyle birlikte, insan\u0131n nesnele\u015fmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 veya nesne haline indirgenmesi, kad\u0131n\u0131n, gencin, yabanc\u0131n\u0131n ve benzerlerinin \u00f6tekile\u015ftirilmesine, hiyerar\u015fik olarak kategorize edilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc elinde bulunduran kesimler, insan\u0131n do\u011fan\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmezden gelerek, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten, ahlaktan ve vicdandan yoksun bir toplumsal yap\u0131 in\u015fa etti. \u0130nsan\u0131n insan \u00fczerindeki tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcnden kaynaklanan bu yap\u0131, do\u011fan\u0131n da s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine ve tahakk\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oldu. B\u00f6ylelikle do\u011fal evrim s\u00fcrecinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu unutan insan, \u00fcst\u00fcn t\u00fcr oldu\u011funa inanmaya (veya inand\u0131r\u0131lmaya) ba\u015flad\u0131 ve kendisini var eden birinci do\u011fan\u0131n yasalar\u0131n\u0131 yok sayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u0131sacas\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc sanal ve hiyerar\u015fik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fc asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok eskide ve derinde. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f sonucunda;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130nsan insandan,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130nsan do\u011fadan,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do\u011fadaki baz\u0131 canl\u0131lar da di\u011ferlerinden \u00fcst\u00fcn tutulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Halbuki do\u011fada ne fare a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k bir canl\u0131 unsurdur, ne de aslan soylu bir hayvand\u0131r. Bu tarz \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar, k\u00f6kenini ilk toplumsal alt-\u00fcst olu\u015ftan alan insana dair k\u00f6t\u00fc huylu sanal \u00fcretimler. Do\u011fal ekosistem insan-bi\u00e7imci, hiyerar\u015fik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan uzak ve tamamlay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 esas al\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda ekoloji, ne bir \u201chayvanlar kral\u0131\u201d ne de \u201ca\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yarat\u0131klar\u201d \u015feklinde hiyerar\u015filer kurar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hiyerar\u015fik kavray\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen canl\u0131lar gereksizdir. Bu canl\u0131lar\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde varolu\u015fu anlams\u0131zd\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, baz\u0131 canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar insana somut fayda\/\u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flarlar ve bu t\u00fcrlerin korunmas\u0131 gerekir. Halbuki ekosistem bir zincir ve bu zincirin her bir halkas\u0131 biyosferdeki ya\u015fam i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bireyler ve \u015feyler birbirinden daha iyi ya da k\u00f6t\u00fc de\u011fil. Hepsi kendi i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilir ve e\u015fsiz niteliklerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc de\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fcr. D\u00fcnya pek \u00e7ok bile\u015fenin bir araya gelmesinden olu\u015fan bir yap\u0131 olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131r ve onun b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve uyumu i\u00e7in her par\u00e7a vazge\u00e7ilmez \u00f6nemdedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sanal bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015favurumuna bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek olarak; \u201cb\u00fclb\u00fcl\u00fcn alt\u0131n kafese konulmas\u0131\u201d g\u00f6sterilebilir. B\u00fclb\u00fcl\u00fcn alt\u0131n kafese konulmas\u0131 insan\u0131n sanal bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cbir \u00f6d\u00fcl\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir fakat bu durum b\u00fclb\u00fcl\u00fcn ontolojisine ayk\u0131r\u0131. B\u00fclb\u00fcl u\u00e7mak ister, insan b\u00fclb\u00fcle kendi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 manay\u0131\/de\u011feri dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktada, \u00e7evreci olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sanal ve hiyerar\u015fik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n anti-tezi, organik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131. Organik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n sosyal ve do\u011fal \u00e7e\u015fitlilikten anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131; farkl\u0131 fenomenleri \u00e7e\u015fitlilik i\u00e7inde birlik olarak ele almak. Hiyerar\u015fik anlay\u0131\u015f, organik duyarl\u0131l\u0131ktan uzakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu zihniyet, en ufak unsurlar\u0131 dahi \u201cde\u011fersiz\/de\u011ferli\u201d ya da \u201c\u00fcst\/alt\u201d kavramlar\u0131 etraf\u0131nda in\u015fa eder. Hiyerar\u015fik anlay\u0131\u015f, do\u011fal ve insani unsurlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu birbirine d\u00fc\u015fman piramitler \u015feklinde derecelendiren hiyerar\u015fik bir mant\u0131k organize eder. Halbuki organik ya da ekolojik insanlar, ya\u015f gruplar\u0131 ve cinsiyetler aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 hiyerar\u015filer \u015feklinde alg\u0131lamaktansa, Hegel\u2019in de belirtti\u011fi gibi, \u201cfarkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n birli\u011fi\u201d ya da \u201c\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin birli\u011fi\u201d \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Son olarak organik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in do\u011fa ile i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ya\u015famak gerekmez ya da bir insan betonlar i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sanal ve hiyerar\u015fik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmez. Bir ba\u015fka ifade ile bir insan anti-ekolojik kentlerde, beton ve kirlilik i\u00e7erisinde de, organik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir. Bu noktada, organik ya da tam tersi olarak sanal ve hiyerar\u015fik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in \u201cnerede ya\u015fan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan\u201d \u00f6te \u201cnas\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d ve \u201cnas\u0131l ya\u015fan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kaynak: <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/m.bianet.org\/bianet\/cevre\/197979-sanal-ve-hiyerarsik-bakis-acimizin-ekolojik-krizdeki-rolu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Bianet (yeni sekmede a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r)\">Bianet<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><div><br><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Do\u011fada ne fare a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k bir canl\u0131 unsurdur, ne de aslan soylu bir hayvand\u0131r. Bu tarz \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar, k\u00f6kenini ilk toplumsal alt-\u00fcst<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3963,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3961","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forum"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3961","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3961"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3961\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3964,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3961\/revisions\/3964"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3963"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3961"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3961"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3961"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}