{"id":3993,"date":"2019-12-01T12:05:33","date_gmt":"2019-12-01T09:05:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/?p=3993"},"modified":"2019-12-01T12:05:36","modified_gmt":"2019-12-01T09:05:36","slug":"kuresel-ekolojik-krize-bir-cikis-stratejisi-hala-mumkun-mu-stefo-benlisoy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/2019\/12\/01\/kuresel-ekolojik-krize-bir-cikis-stratejisi-hala-mumkun-mu-stefo-benlisoy\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fcresel ekolojik krize bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f stratejisi h\u00e2l\u00e2 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fc – Stefo Benlisoy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

K\u00fcresel ekolojik krizin insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck meydan okuma oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek abart\u0131 say\u0131lmaz. \u0130\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fumuz y\u00fczy\u0131lda bu krize verilecek yan\u0131t\u0131n ne olaca\u011f\u0131, insanl\u0131k ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki canl\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l bir seyir izleyece\u011fini tayin edecek. Tam da bu ba\u011flamda, k\u00fcresel ekolojik krizi a\u015fabilecek radikal bir ekolojik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\/devrim ihtiyac\u0131 giderek daha fazla dile getiriliyor. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fayla ili\u015fkisinde topyek\u00fbn ve ivedi bir de\u011fi\u015fimi imleyen ekolojik ya da ye\u015fil bir devrimin krizden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n yeg\u00e2ne yolu oldu\u011fu, art\u0131k \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde vurgulan\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Bu vurgunun gerisinde canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekolojik kriz felaketinden \u00e7\u0131karacak bir inisiyatifi m\u00fcesses nizamdan beklemenin beyhude oldu\u011funun a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 yat\u0131yor. Sadece iklim krizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde dahi k\u00fcresel egemenler \u00e7ok de\u011ferli otuz y\u0131l\u0131 berhava etmi\u015f durumdalar. \u0130nsan etkinliklerinin yery\u00fcz\u00fc iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 radikal bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi bilgisinin kamuoyunun g\u00fcndemine gelmesi, 1990\u2019da ilk raporunu yay\u0131mlayan H\u00fck\u00fcmetleraras\u0131 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Panelini (IPCC) ya da 1992 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Rio Zirvesi\u2019ni milat olarak alacaksak, neredeyse otuz y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip. Bu otuz y\u0131lda mevcut siyasal-ekonomik toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n ekolojik krize ili\u015fkin bilan\u00e7osu kelimenin ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131yla bir fiyasko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Egemen k\u00fcresel siyasi ve ekonomik yap\u0131, ekolojik krizi \u00f6nlemek bir yana etkilerini s\u0131n\u0131rlama noktas\u0131nda dahi s\u0131n\u0131fta kald\u0131. \u00dcstelik krizin kontrol edilemez boyutlara vararak yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u00fczerindeki canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ve insan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etmesini engelleyecek zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 tam da bu y\u00fczden olduk\u00e7a daralm\u0131\u015f, hatta kapanm\u0131\u015f durumda. \u0130klim krizinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kamuoyu \u00f6n\u00fcnde reddeden, 2016\u2019daki Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan ABD\u2019yi \u00e7eken Trump y\u00f6netiminin asl\u0131nda yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc bekleyen felaketin pek\u00e2l\u00e2 fark\u0131nda oldu\u011fu k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce dramatik bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Trump y\u00f6netiminin iklim krizine ili\u015fkin haz\u0131rlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etki de\u011ferlendirmesi raporunda mevcut gidi\u015fat devam ederse y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda d\u00f6rt derecelik bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fu ve otomobillere yak\u0131t verimlili\u011fi sa\u011flamak gibi reformlar\u0131n art\u0131k bunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyece\u011fi vurgulan\u0131yor. K\u0131sacas\u0131 Trump y\u00f6netimi art\u0131k \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle gidi\u015fat\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in en ufak bir \u015fey yapma niyetinde de\u011fil; b\u00f6ylelikle say\u0131s\u0131z insanla birlikte yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kendi kaderine mahk\u00fbm ediyor.[i]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer yandan Trump bir istisnay\u0131 de\u011fil asl\u0131nda genelle\u015fmekte olan bir e\u011filimi ifade etmekte. K\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte sa\u011f\u0131n radikalle\u015fmesi, ekolojik krizi solun ve\/ya liberal \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel elitlerin\u201d bir uydurmas\u0131 sayarak do\u011fan\u0131n dizginsiz s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc savunan siyasal liderlerin giderek daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde arz\u0131 endam etmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yor. En \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rnek Brezilya\u2019da ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerini kazanan Jair Bolsonaro. Bolsonaro \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, cinsiyet\u00e7ilik, emek\u00e7i ve yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, homofobi, i\u015fkence taraftarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi say\u0131s\u0131z \u201cmeziyet\u201dinin yan\u0131nda, Amazonlar\u0131n k\u00fcresel tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k \u015firketlerince dizginsiz tahribat\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7may\u0131 hedefliyor. Bolsonaro\u2019nun ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa se\u00e7ilmesi tar\u0131m \u015firketlerine direnen yerli topluluklar\u0131na, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere, sendika ve ekoloji aktivistlerine y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddetin de artmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor.[ii] Muazzam bir t\u00fcrsel \u00e7e\u015fitlilik bar\u0131nd\u0131ran ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli karbon deposu niteli\u011findeki Amazonlar\u0131n tahribat\u0131, ekolojik krizin derinle\u015fmesine ve iklim adaleti m\u00fccadelesinin de b\u00fcy\u00fck yara almas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fte bu ba\u011flamda y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda yery\u00fcz\u00fc ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 4\u00baC\u2019lik bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin s\u0131kl\u0131kla telaffuz edilmesi, k\u00fcresel sistemin krize ili\u015fkin bilan\u00e7osunun en hazin kan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. M\u00fcesses nizam ekolojik krizin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc konusunda bug\u00fcne kadar g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi performansla siyasal ve ahlaki me\u015fruiyetini \u00e7oktan yitirdi. S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye dayal\u0131 mevcut ekonomik ve toplumsal d\u00fczenin ekolojik krizi a\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belki de en \u00e7\u0131plak bi\u00e7imde anlayan kesim, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u00fcper zenginleri. S\u00fcper zenginler aras\u0131nda bir ekolojik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f veya mevcut toplumsal d\u00fczenin y\u0131k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 bir k\u0131yamet senaryosu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendilerini kurtaracak l\u00fcks s\u0131\u011f\u0131naklar in\u015fa etmenin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 hayli manidar.[iii] Ekolojik krizin olu\u015fumundan en fazla sorumlu olanlar bunun etkilerinden bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine bile olsa ka\u00e7\u0131nman\u0131n bin bir yolunu ararken, bunda katk\u0131s\u0131 en az olanlar kendi kaderlerine terk ediliyor. Tam da bu y\u00fczden sermayenin krizi ve ekolojik kriz kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc, hatta k\u0131smi iyile\u015ftirmeleri dahi egemenlerden beklemek art\u0131k tamamen bo\u015funa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0131kmaz sokakta debelenmek<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

IPCC\u2019nin Ekim 2018\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan son raporu k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fimini bir bu\u00e7uk derece ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in elde sadece 12 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu. \u00dcstelik bir dizi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yery\u00fcz\u00fc ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir bu\u00e7uk veya daha iyimser bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla iki derecelik bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n bile ekolojik sistemlerde ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k geri beslemelere yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc otomatik olarak bir \u201csera\u201d senaryosuna iterek ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok daha \u00fcst bir s\u0131n\u0131rda sabitleyebilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.[iv] G\u00fcndelik hayatlar\u0131m\u0131za etkilerini hen\u00fcz yak\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde hissetmesek de iklim krizi yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki ya\u015fama varolu\u015fsal bir tehlike olu\u015fturuyor. Mevcut siyasi-iktisadi sistem ve onun temsilcileri sorunu g\u00f6rmezden gelerek, k\u00fcresel e\u015fitlik ve adalet ilkelerine dayal\u0131 bir yan\u0131t\u0131n verilmesini \u00f6nleyerek insanl\u0131k ve canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc tehlikeli bir rotaya s\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fcyor. Sorunun vahameti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda at\u0131lmayan her ad\u0131m insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n iklim krizi ile ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kabilme ihtimalini azalt\u0131yor, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 daralt\u0131yor. \u0130klim krizine ekolojik krizin di\u011fer alarm verici unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 da ekleyince tablo \u00e7ok daha i\u00e7 karart\u0131c\u0131 hale geliyor: kitlesel t\u00fcr k\u0131y\u0131m\u0131, ormans\u0131zla\u015fma, su ve toprak kirlili\u011fi, okyanus ve denizlerdeki canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin h\u0131zla t\u00fckeni\u015fi,[v] \u00f6nlenemez plastik kirlili\u011fi vs. Etkileri giderek daha dolays\u0131z hissedilen t\u00fcm bu tehdit edici geli\u015fmeler, i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fumuz d\u00f6nemi tan\u0131mlayan pop\u00fcler ruh halinin bilinen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n son bulaca\u011f\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz k\u0131yameti bekleyen apokaliptik bir bi\u00e7im almas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor.[vi]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel ekolojik krizi \u00f6nlemeye dair g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde egemen olan paradigmay\u0131, krizi sermaye, teknoloji ve b\u00fcrokrasi yo\u011fun yollarla \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan ibaret olan \u201cye\u015fil kapitalizm\u201d veya \u201cekolojik modernizm\u201d olu\u015fturuyor. M\u00fcesses nizam ekolojik krizi y\u00f6netme hususunda mevcut toplumsal hiyerar\u015filerde ve m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinde k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yaratmayacak piyasa temelli teknokratik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlere bel ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f durumda. Bilhassa iklim krizine ili\u015fkin verilerin giderek daha vahim bir hal almas\u0131, jeo-m\u00fchendislik projeleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan, yani gezegensel sistemlere b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli teknolojik m\u00fcdahaleleri i\u00e7eren ve iklim sistemi ile canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez tehlikeler i\u00e7erebilecek \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrden giri\u015fimleri \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek \u00e7e\u015fitli teknolojiler ya da okyanuslar\u0131n karbon tutma kapasitesini artt\u0131racak kimi m\u00fcdahaleler bu t\u00fcrden giri\u015fimlere \u00f6rnek verilebilir. Yine fosil yak\u0131t \u015firketlerine s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131zca faaliyet g\u00f6sterme ve s\u00fcper k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirme olana\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fcmidini bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan olsa gerek bu \u015firketlerin \u00e7ok destekledikleri karbon tutma ve depolama teknolojileri de buna \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilebilir. Jeo-m\u00fchendislik projelerinin giderek daha fazla telaffuz edilmesinin nedeni a\u015fik\u00e2r: Geri d\u00f6n\u00fclmez noktaya ula\u015fan iklim krizini insan\u0131n siyasal, ekonomik ve toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctleni\u015finde radikal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler gerektirmeden, t\u00fcm mevcut hiyerar\u015fileri oldu\u011fu gibi muhafaza ederek alt etme umudunu veriyor. Giderek istikrars\u0131zla\u015fan ve rekabet\u00e7i hale gelen uluslararas\u0131 sistemin kendisi, ABD, \u00c7in, Rusya ve AB gibi kimi g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez sonu\u00e7lar ta\u015f\u0131yabilecek jeo-m\u00fchendislik projelerini tek tarafl\u0131 olarak hayata ge\u00e7irmelerini olanak verecek puslu bir ortam yarat\u0131yor.[vii] Sonu\u00e7ta ekolojik krizin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin egemen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm paradigmas\u0131, olmayacak duaya amin dercesine, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir d\u00fcnyada s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ili\u015fkin sermaye fantezisinin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak ve do\u011fan\u0131n korunmas\u0131yla sonsuz k\u00e2r a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirebilecek bir form\u00fcl pe\u015finde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer yandan egemen s\u00f6ylem, ekolojik krizin kendisini giderek esasen bir g\u00fcvenlik meselesi olarak ara\u00e7salla\u015ft\u0131rmakta. Ekolojik krizin olas\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n masaya yat\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cg\u00fcvenlik\u201d odakl\u0131 senaryolarda iklim krizinin kontrolden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, okyanus seviyelerinin y\u00fckselmesi ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 hava olaylar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cnormalle\u015fmesi\u201d nedeniyle milyonlarca insan\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n su, g\u0131da ve en temel insani ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in bitimsiz bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi\u011fi karanl\u0131k bir d\u00fcnya tablosu ortaya konuluyor. S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n giderek kat\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, duvarlar\u0131n y\u00fckseldi\u011fi ve toplama kamplar\u0131n\u0131n ola\u011fanla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, militarizmin t\u00fcrl\u00fc bi\u00e7imlerinin ge\u00e7er ak\u00e7e oldu\u011fu, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kendi ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumak isteyen bir az\u0131nl\u0131k\u00e7a ekolojik bir apartheid (ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k) rejimine tabi tutuldu\u011fu b\u00f6ylesi bir gelecek senaryosunda elbette demokrasiye yer yok. \u0130nsan toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n mevcut \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7iminin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fekliyle devam edece\u011fi bir d\u00fcnyada olas\u0131 tek se\u00e7enek, ufak bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ekolojik fel\u00e2ketten kurtulmak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc demokratik me\u015fruiyet kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bir tarafa koyarak kendisine m\u00fcstahkem ye\u015fil bir adac\u0131k yaratmas\u0131, tabiri caizse \u201cz\u0131rhl\u0131 bir cankurtaran filikas\u0131\u201d stratejisine ba\u015fvurmas\u0131.[viii]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Felaketten \u00f6nce son \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0130klim krizinin m\u00fcsebbibi fosil yak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131nda radikal bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi takdirde, iklim de\u011fi\u015fimini end\u00fcstri \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemden bir bu\u00e7uk veya iki derecelik art\u0131\u015fla s\u0131n\u0131rlama hedefi ge\u00e7ersiz hale gelecek ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fiminin kontrolden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olacak. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ba\u015fta k\u00f6m\u00fcr olmak \u00fczere mevcut kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f fosil yak\u0131t rezervlerinin y\u00fczde sekseni a\u015fan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yeralt\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n iklim krizinin kontrol edilemez ve geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclemez bir d\u00fczeye (y\u00fczy\u0131l sonuna do\u011fru d\u00f6rt derecelik bir art\u0131\u015f) kilitlenece\u011fini savunuyor. Birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde fosil yak\u0131t \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geride b\u0131rakmak, bu felaketin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilecek yeg\u00e2ne yol olarak duruyor. Buna g\u00f6re 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnya ekonomisi kapsam\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm \u00fcretim, nakliye ve \u0131s\u0131nma etkinlikleri yenilenebilir enerjiye dayanacak bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olmal\u0131. \u0130\u015fte bu iddial\u0131 hedef, yani \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde fosil yak\u0131t \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerini yenilenebilir kaynaklara dayal\u0131 yeni bir enerji altyap\u0131s\u0131na b\u0131rakma ihtiyac\u0131, bir \u201c\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u201d ya da \u201cge\u00e7i\u015f\u201d stratejisi olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131yor. Antroposen \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, yani insan etkisinin gezegen \u00fczerinde asli de\u011fi\u015fim etmeni haline gelerek g\u00f6reli olarak istikrarl\u0131 iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu Holosen d\u00f6nemden Antroposen olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan ba\u015fka bir jeolojik d\u00f6neme ge\u00e7i\u015fin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ko\u015fullarda, ekolojik krize ve en \u00f6nemlisi iklim krizine b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bir yan\u0131t vermek hayati bir \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015f durumda.[ix]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan k\u00fcresel sistemin iklim krizini a\u015fma\/s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma konusundaki m\u00fcteselsil ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201chayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ve ekolojik krizi giderme kapasitesinin giderek daha fazla sorgulan\u0131r olmas\u0131, ekoloji hareketinin de\u011fi\u015fik kesimlerinde de bir strateji tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. M\u00fctevazi reformlar\u0131n, iyi niyetli de olsa k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimlerin, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 azalt\u0131mlar\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fc iklim sistemini sabitleyemeyece\u011fi, ekolojik krizi \u00f6nleyemeyece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ekoloji hareketinin \u00e7e\u015fitli bile\u015fenleri i\u00e7erisinde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazan\u0131yor ve hareketin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc radikalle\u015ftiriyor.[x]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekolojik krizin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin radikal ve kopu\u015f\u00e7u bir siyasal stratejinin temel kalk\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131, teknokratik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin reddedilerek krizin siyasal ve ard\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131fsal boyutunun bilince \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ekolojik krizin t\u00fcm g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fclerinin ilk ve as\u0131l olarak yoksullar\u0131 ve gezegen \u00fczerindeki canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etti\u011fi \u00fczerine uzun uzad\u0131ya klavye paralaman\u0131n l\u00fczumu yok. Ba\u015fta iklim krizi olmak \u00fczere ekolojik bozulman\u0131n t\u00fcrl\u00fc bi\u00e7imlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eder hale gelmesinde s\u00f6z ve karar sahibi olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan geni\u015f kitleler, bu krizin en a\u011f\u0131r bedelini \u00f6demekle y\u00fcz y\u00fcze b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bireysel t\u00fcketim tercihlerinde de\u011fi\u015fim yaratmaya odakl\u0131 stratejilerin, siyasi ve moral tutarl\u0131l\u0131k nam\u0131na de\u011feri ne olursa olsun, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir t\u00fcketiciler kitlesi haline getirildi\u011fi bir toplumsal varolu\u015fta vurguyu yanl\u0131\u015f yere yapan bir siyasal hat olu\u015fturdu\u011fu teslim edilmeli. Vars\u0131l toplumlar\u0131n \u00fcst katmanlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez t\u00fcketim bi\u00e7imini k\u0131yas\u0131ya ele\u015ftirmek ve en \u00f6nemlisi insani ve toplumsal refah\u0131 nicel de\u011fil nitel kriterlerle yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz topyek\u00fbn bir ekolojik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6nemli sacayaklar\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Fakat ekolojik krizi do\u011faya tamamen d\u0131\u015fsal bir bi\u00e7imde tariflenen \u201cinsan do\u011fas\u0131\u201dn\u0131n sebep oldu\u011funu ifade eden, su\u00e7lunun \u201chepimiz\u201d, \u201cinsanl\u0131k\u201d oldu\u011funu vazeden \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar temelde ekolojik krizi adeta ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir kader mertebesine getirerek, (elbette insan n\u00fcfusunda radikal ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u201cazalt\u0131m\u201d se\u00e7ene\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) bu krizle m\u00fccadeleyi imk\u00e2ns\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rmakta. Bu sebeple bilhassa liberal ekolojist \u00e7evrelerde b\u00fcy\u00fck pop\u00fclerli\u011fe sahip olan ve demokrasi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7erimleri \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k olan neo-Malthus\u00e7u yakla\u015f\u0131mlar, yani ekolojik krizin as\u0131l sorumlusunun insan \u2013daha do\u011frusu yoksul\u2013 n\u00fcfusunun \u00f6nlenemez art\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131 kesin olarak reddedilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekososyalist bir strateji<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fumuz d\u00fcnya tarihsel u\u011frak, sermayenin kriziyle ekolojik krizi b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftiriyor. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fimi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere ekolojik krizin de\u011fi\u015fik ve\u00e7heleriyle m\u00fccadelenin geni\u015f kitlelerin hayat ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n da iyile\u015fmesi anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131, basit ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir m\u00fccadele stratejisi olu\u015fturmak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli sorusunu olu\u015fturuyor. Ekolojik krize kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele, gezegen \u00fczerinde bug\u00fcn bizim bildi\u011fimiz anlamda canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrmesi i\u00e7in gerekli radikal toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri ancak y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal bir siyasal ve toplumsal hareket haline gelmesi halinde ba\u015farabilir. Bu b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik kriz konjonkt\u00fcr\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kapitalizmden kopu\u015fu hedefleyen bir siyasal hat, toplumsal kaynaklar\u0131n kolektifle\u015ftirilmesi ve demokratik bir plan \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmek zorunda. \u00dcretim ve t\u00fcketim kararlar\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve ekolojik kriterler temelinde \u00e7o\u011fulcu bir m\u00fczakere s\u00fcreci arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla belirlenmesini sa\u011flayacak demokratik bir planlama ancak madencilik, enerji ve bankac\u0131l\u0131k gibi kilit sekt\u00f6rlerin sermayenin kontrol\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak toplumsal denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullarda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekososyalist alternatif b\u00f6ylesi bir devrimci d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc sa\u011flayabilecek ufku sunabilme potansiyeline sahip. Ekososyalizm, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n toplumun demokratik denetim ve m\u00fclkiyetine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00fcretim ve yat\u0131r\u0131m karar\u0131n\u0131n demokratik, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu bir plan \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde belirlendi\u011fi, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ekolojik rasyonellik \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde radikal bi\u00e7imde yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, ekosistemlerin onar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, insani ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n giderilmesiyle birlikte temel toplumsal ilkelerden biri haline geldi\u011fi, kapitalizmin aksine kullan\u0131m de\u011ferinin de\u011fi\u015fim de\u011feri \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu bir topluma ula\u015fmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekososyalist bir ge\u00e7i\u015f program\u0131n\u0131n ana unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturabilecek bir dizi talep ve hedef ekonominin radikal bi\u00e7imde demokratikle\u015fmesinin ve kullan\u0131m de\u011ferinin egemen olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7acakt\u0131r: Herkese ula\u015f\u0131labilir ve enerji verimlili\u011fine sahip konutlar\u0131n temini, kamu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n ve \u00fccretsiz hale getirilmesi, kentlerin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 hava olaylar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 altyap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131yla herkese i\u015f g\u00fcvencesinin sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni bir \u201cye\u015fil\u201d istihdam program\u0131, e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bedelsiz hale gelmesi, ev i\u015fleri ve bak\u0131m eme\u011finin toplumsalla\u015fmas\u0131, fosil yak\u0131t ve kimyasal yo\u011fun end\u00fcstriyel \u015firket tar\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00fcretimine dayal\u0131 agroekolojik tar\u0131m[xi] ve elbette yenilenebilir enerjiler i\u00e7in yeni bir enerji altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131. Bununla birlikte zengin k\u00fcresel kuzeyin yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 ekolojik tahribat nedeniyle t\u00fcm yoksullara y\u00fckl\u00fc bir tazminat \u00f6demesi ve k\u00fcresel g\u00fcneye yayg\u0131n teknoloji transferinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi. T\u00fcm bu talep ve hedefler geni\u015f kitlelerin deste\u011fini kazanabilecek \u201cge\u00e7i\u015fsel\u201d niteli\u011fi \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekolojik krizin en olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan koruyabilecek ger\u00e7ek ve uygulanabilir acil \u00f6nlemler paketini olu\u015fturuyor. Kapitalizmin do\u011fay\u0131 hoyrat\u00e7a s\u00f6m\u00fcren savurganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerine demokratik planlama eksenli bir ekonomi, kapitalizmin \u00fcretti\u011fi silahlanma, reklam, otomotiv gibi devasa ama insani ihtiya\u00e7larla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmeyen sekt\u00f6rleri ortadan kald\u0131racakt\u0131r. Ekososyalist toplum insan\u0131n t\u00fcketti\u011fi oranda var olmaya hak kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131, t\u00fcketim feti\u015fisti mevcut toplum d\u00fczeninden farkl\u0131 olarak ne eme\u011fin ne de do\u011fan\u0131n meta olmadan payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, insani \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme ve deneyimlerin zenginle\u015fmesine dayal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada bir noktay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmak gerekiyor. Ekolojik krizin insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcl toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctleni\u015finin do\u011fayla ili\u015fkisine dair bir sorun oldu\u011fu tespiti, ekolojik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc bir ekolojik devrim sonras\u0131na erteleme ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc k\u0131smi \u201ciyile\u015ftirmeyi\u201d reddetme anlam\u0131na gelmez. Ekososyalist yakla\u015f\u0131m, ekolojik krizin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesinin ancak kapitalist piyasan\u0131n toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fczerindeki tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn sona erdirilmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini bir \u00e2n olsun ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131karmadan, g\u00fcndelik hayattaki en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck prati\u011fe dek her t\u00fcrl\u00fc insani etkinli\u011fin insan-do\u011fa ili\u015fkisine dair kapitalizm \u00f6tesi bir anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kapitalist toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctleni\u015fin ekolojik krizdeki birincilli\u011fini yads\u0131madan, reformlar ve yukar\u0131da s\u0131ralananlar gibi somut talepler i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eder ve bunlar\u0131 ekososyalist bir perspektifle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirme \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ekolojik krizin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yolunun kapitalizmin yerini ekososyalist bir toplum bi\u00e7imi almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki soyut siyasal hedef, ancak insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcndelik hayatlar\u0131na dair somut taleplerle ili\u015fkilendirilmesi halinde ger\u00e7eklik kazanabilecektir. Ba\u015fta su olmak \u00fczere do\u011fan\u0131n metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015flerden kamusal ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00fccretsiz, yayg\u0131n ve kaliteli hale getirilmesine, tar\u0131m\u0131n \u015firketle\u015ftirilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015ften n\u00fckleer enerjiye ve ormans\u0131zla\u015fmaya kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye kadar kapitalist k\u00e2r ve sermaye birikimi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015fan ve alternatif bir toplumsall\u0131\u011f\u0131 imleyen taleplere dayal\u0131 toplumsal hareketlerin in\u015fas\u0131 ekososyalist bilincin kitleler nezdinde somutlanmas\u0131n\u0131n, inan\u0131l\u0131r k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n yoludur. Burada \u00f6nemli olan yukar\u0131da vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kitleleri mobilize edecek somut taleplerin \u201cge\u00e7i\u015fsel\u201d bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na \u00f6nem vermek, yani ekolojik reformizmin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015farak her talebin kendi somutlu\u011funda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez kapitalist \u00fcretimcilik ve bireyselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f t\u00fcketimcilik mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015fan bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakt\u0131r.[xii] \u00d6te yandan emek\u00e7ilerin maddi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen ekolojik talep ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin kitlesel destek bulabileceklerini ve ancak b\u00f6ylelikle kitlesel ve demokratik bir toplumsal hareket in\u015fa edilebilece\u011fini de ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131karmamak gerekir.[xiii]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylesi bir stratejinin minimum ko\u015fuluysa iklim de\u011fi\u015fimini bir bu\u00e7uk derecenin alt\u0131nda tutacak \u201ckarbon b\u00fct\u00e7esini\u201d a\u015fmamak i\u00e7in t\u00fcm k\u00f6m\u00fcr bazl\u0131 santrallerin a\u015famal\u0131 bi\u00e7imde kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve katranl\u0131 kum veya kaya gaz\u0131 gibi konvansiyonel olmayan, en kirli fosil yak\u0131t bi\u00e7imlerinin i\u015flenmeden yerin alt\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr madencili\u011fi ve k\u00f6m\u00fcre dayal\u0131 enerji \u00fcretiminin denetimsiz bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrgit b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi do\u011fan\u0131n amans\u0131z ve geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclemez bi\u00e7imde talan\u0131na, en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde Soma\u2019da tan\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz gibi kitlesel i\u015f cinayetlerine ve canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n u\u00e7uruma s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesinin de devam\u0131na onay anlam\u0131na geliyor. Oysa yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde k\u00f6m\u00fcr bazl\u0131 elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretimini sona erdirecek ve yenilenebilir kaynaklar\u0131n enerji \u00fcretimindeki pay\u0131n\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde artt\u0131racak devrimci bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn hayata ge\u00e7irilmesidir. Bu ba\u011flamda, ba\u015fta k\u00f6m\u00fcr madencili\u011fi olmak \u00fczere madencilik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve enerji \u00fcretiminin yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131na dayal\u0131 olarak yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bi\u00e7imde kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, sadece iklim krizine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele edebilmeyi de\u011fil, bu m\u00fccadeleyi yaparken toplumsal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n da kar\u015f\u0131lanabilmesini sa\u011flayabilecek bir yol olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Elbette burada kamula\u015ft\u0131rmadan kastedilen b\u00fcrokratik bir devletle\u015ftirme, sadece m\u00fclkiyet hanesinin de\u011fi\u015fmesinden ibaret bir etiket de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Kastedilen emek\u00e7ilerin ve toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fczeylerde bizzat karar alma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131, \u00fcretimin \u00f6nceliklerinin belirlenmesinde belirleyici olduklar\u0131 b\u00f6ylelikle ekonominin k\u00f6ktenci bi\u00e7imde demokratikle\u015ftirilmesi olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ba\u011flamda madencilik, enerji ve de enerji altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrecek dev yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n gerek duydu\u011fu finansman\u0131 sa\u011flayacak finans gibi stratejik sekt\u00f6rlerin kamusal m\u00fclkiyete ge\u00e7mesi elzem hale geliyor. Bu sekt\u00f6rlerin demokratik ve kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 bir plan dahilinde hangi toplumsal ve ekolojik ama\u00e7 ve \u00f6ncelikler i\u00e7in seferber edilece\u011fi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n gezegeni u\u00e7uruma s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen sermaye taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, toplumun bizzat kendisi taraf\u0131ndan verilmesini savunmak son derece ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i ve g\u00fcncel bir politik hatt\u0131r.[xiv] Hidrokarbon end\u00fcstrisinin bizzat i\u015f\u00e7ilerin denetiminde ve toplumun s\u00f6z ve karar hakk\u0131na sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\/kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 talebi geni\u015f kesimler nezdinde onay bulabilecek, elektrik enerjisinin \u00fcretim ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yerelle\u015ftirilmesi gibi sonraki siyasal ad\u0131mlar\u0131n kald\u0131rac\u0131 olabilecek stratejik bir taleptir. Ekonominin ve toplumsal hayat\u0131n \u201ckarbonsuzla\u015fmas\u0131\u201dn\u0131n sadece teknik bir \u201cenerji d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc\u201d s\u00fcreci olmay\u0131p geni\u015f kitlelerin enerji \u00fczerinde demokratik toplumsal kontrol\u00fc ellerine ald\u0131klar\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekolojik ve kentsel m\u00fc\u015fterekleri sermayenin tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcne ve \u00e7itlemesine kar\u015f\u0131 savunma, geri kazanma ve t\u00fcrl\u00fc m\u00fc\u015fterekle\u015ftirme pratikleri de asl\u0131nda sermayeye kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fin en b\u00fcy\u00fck kaynaklar\u0131 durumunda. M\u00fc\u015fterekle\u015ftirme pratikleri, sadece do\u011fan\u0131n savunulmas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6zellikle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilere, emek\u00e7ilere, yani sermayenin tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bizatihi kurbanlar\u0131na, kendi kaderlerine egemen olma, kolektif \u00f6zg\u00fc\u00e7lerine yeniden inanma potansiyeli sa\u011flayacak ili\u015fkileri bug\u00fcnden vermeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 nedeniyle de \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli. Kapitalizmin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan koparak \u00fcretim, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve t\u00fcketimi e\u015fitlik\u00e7i ve kom\u00fcnal bi\u00e7imlerde yeniden tasavvur ve in\u015fa etmenin imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan. Burada ama\u00e7 daha organik, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir toplumsal-ekolojik ili\u015fkiler olu\u015fturmak olmal\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fc\u015fterekle\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 neoliberal kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bir direni\u015fin par\u00e7as\u0131 k\u0131labilmek, ekolojik krizin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na direnme, bu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n k\u00fcresel e\u015fitlik ve adalet ilkeleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n da tek yoludur.[xv]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz kapitalist uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n krizinden ancak ekolojik krizin t\u00fcm kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve ezilenlerin m\u00fccadelesiyle \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fimizi durmaks\u0131z\u0131n savunmak gerekiyor. Do\u011faya ve eme\u011fe sahip \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00fcresel bir toplumsal iklim adaleti hareketinin ve kitle m\u00fccadelelerinin boy vermesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6nemin en yak\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6revini olu\u015fturuyor. \u201cGer\u00e7ek\u00e7i\u201d olmak ad\u0131na iklim krizinin \u00f6nlenmesi, ekosistemlerin onar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in krizi bizzat yaratanlardan gelecek ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 defalarca kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na, elitler aras\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 m\u00fczakerelere bel ba\u011flamak kadar olumsuz anlamda \u201c\u00fctopik\u201d bir tutum yok bug\u00fcn. Egemenlerden ekolojik kriz kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda aktif tutum almalar\u0131n\u0131 beklemek, h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri ya da sermaye \u00e7evrelerini ekolojik krizin kurbanlar\u0131 lehine harekete ge\u00e7meye te\u015fvik etmek ham hayalden ibaret. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bug\u00fcn ekolojik kriz kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcnsel, \u201csistemik\u201d \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler aramak, bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri pratikte s\u0131namak, ba\u015fka bir d\u00fcnyay\u0131 bug\u00fcnden kurmaya ba\u015flaman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak ve bu yolda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc seferber etmekten ba\u015fka \u00e7are yok. Tam da bu y\u00fczden \u201cger\u00e7ek\u00e7i ol, imk\u00e2ns\u0131z\u0131 iste\u201d slogan\u0131 hi\u00e7 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kadar \u201cger\u00e7ek\u00e7i\u201d olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yaz\u0131 ilk olarak Saha dergisinin 5. say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[i] Trump y\u00f6netimine ait bahsi ge\u00e7en rapor hakk\u0131nda bkz. Branko Marcetic, \u201cThe Trump Administration\u2019s Climate Nihilism,\u201d 4 Ekim 2018, https:\/\/jacobinmag.com\/2018\/10\/trump-administration-climate-change-nihilism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ii] Somini Sengupta, \u201cWhat Jair Bolsonaro\u2019s Victory Could Mean for the Amazon, and the Planet,\u201d 17 Ekim 2018, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/10\/17\/climate\/brazil-election-amazon-environment.html. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/americas\/super-rich-buying-apocalypse-safe-bunkers-protection-natural-disasters-nuclear-attack-kansas-us-a7833641.html ve https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/artanddesign\/shortcuts\/2014\/nov\/12\/for-sale-luxury-apocalypse-proof-condo-in-missile-silo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iv] Will Steffen vd., \u201cTrajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene,\u201d PNAS, no. 115 (33), (14 A\u011fustos 2018), http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/115\/33\/8252. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[v] End\u00fcstriyel bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 avlanma ve t\u00fcketim i\u00e7in bkz. Irmak Ert\u00f6r, \u201cD\u00fcnyada ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de End\u00fcstriyel Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k: Bal\u0131kl\u0131 Denizlerden S\u0131v\u0131 \u00c7\u00f6llere,\u201d 31 A\u011fustos 2018, https:\/\/birartibir.org\/ekoloji\/130-balikli-denizlerden-sivi-collere. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vi] Jerome Roos, \u201cLiving Through the Catastrophe,\u201d https:\/\/roarmag.org\/magazine\/living-through-the-catastrophe\/. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vii] Kapsaml\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bkz. John Bellamy Foster, \u201cMaking War on the Planet: Geoengineering and Capitalism\u2019s Creative Destruction of the Earth,\u201d 1 Eyl\u00fcl 2018, https:\/\/monthlyreview.org\/2018\/09\/01\/making-war-on-the-planet\/; Silvia Ribeiro, \u201cAgainst Geoengineering,\u201d 23 Ekim 2018, https:\/\/www.jacobinmag.com\/2018\/10\/geoengineering-climate-change-environmental-impacts-warming. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[viii] Felaket kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda insanlar\u0131n birbirleriyle bitimsiz bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya s\u00fcr\u00fcklenece\u011fine ili\u015fkin distopya anlat\u0131lar\u0131nca pop\u00fclerle\u015ftirilen alg\u0131y\u0131 da sorgulamak gerekiyor. Ekolojik krizin yarataca\u011f\u0131 adaletsizliklere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in askeri planlamac\u0131lar ve Malthus\u00e7ular taraf\u0131ndan yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan, insan\u0131 \u00e7aresiz ve g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz k\u0131lan \u201cinsan insan\u0131n kurdudur\u201d alg\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtulmak zorunlu. Yayg\u0131n kan\u0131n\u0131n aksine insan toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n mevcut toplumsal durumu sarsan felaketler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu zaman daha payla\u015f\u0131mc\u0131, yarat\u0131c\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131mla\u015fmaya yatk\u0131n olduklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bkz. Nick Buxton, \u201cDefying Dystopia: Shaping the Climate Future We Want,\u201d https:\/\/roarmag.org\/magazine\/defying-dystopia-shaping-climate-future-want\/ ve Jocine Velasco, \u201cThe Uses of Disaster,\u201d https:\/\/communemag.com\/the-uses-of-disaster\/. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ix] Kimi yazar ve aktivistler, Antroposen yerine Sermaye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 (Capitalocen) kavram\u0131n\u0131 kullanmay\u0131 ye\u011fliyorlar. Bu kavram ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde farkl\u0131 bir jeolojik d\u00f6nemde oldu\u011fumuzu, bu d\u00f6nemde sermayenin \u201cbirikim i\u00e7in birikim\u201d ve \u201c\u00fcretim i\u00e7in \u00fcretim\u201d mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirleyici hale gelerek gezegendeki t\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7lere n\u00fcfuz etti\u011fine vurgu yapmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan ayn\u0131 kavram bir toplumsal sistem olarak kapitalizmin devam\u0131n\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131na varolu\u015fsal bir tehdit haline geldi\u011fini de imlemektedir. \u0130ki kavram\u0131n kullan\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bkz. Ian Angus, \u201c\u2018Anthropocene or Capitalocene\u2019 misses the point,\u201d 26 Eyl\u00fcl 2016, https:\/\/climateandcapitalism.com\/2016\/09\/26\/anthropocene-or-capitalocene-misses-the-point\/. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[x] Bkz. Ajay Singh Chaudhary, \u201cIt\u2019s Already Here,\u201d 10 Ekim 2018, https:\/\/nplusonemag.com\/online-only\/online-only\/its-already-here\/. \u00d6yle ki New York Times gibi k\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin bayraktar\u0131 yay\u0131n organlar\u0131nda art\u0131k iklim krizinin sorumlusu olarak kapitalizmin g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi makaleler yay\u0131mlanabilmekte. Bkz. Benjamin F. Yong, \u201cThe Climate Crisis? It\u2019s Capitalism, Stupid,\u201d 20 Kas\u0131m 2017, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/11\/20\/opinion\/climate-capitalism-crisis.html. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xi] End\u00fcstriyel \u015firket tar\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ekolojik k\u00f6yl\u00fc tar\u0131m\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7in bkz. Abdullah Aysu, \u201cK\u0131tl\u0131k Geliyor \u00c7are K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7ift\u00e7ilik,\u201d 30 Eyl\u00fcl 2018, https:\/\/www.gazeteduvar.com.tr\/yazarlar\/2018\/09\/30\/abdullah-aysu-kitlik-geliyor-ve-care-kucuk-ciftcilik\/; Ali B\u00fclent Erdem, \u201cM\u00fccadeleleri Birle\u015ftirme Stratejisi,\u201d 28 ekim 2018, https:\/\/birartibir.org\/ekoloji\/164-mucadeleleri-birlestirme-stratejisi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xii] Michael L\u00f6wy, \u201cResistance is the only Way,\u201d 22 Eyl\u00fcl 2008, http:\/\/www.internationalviewpoint.org\/spip.php?article1526. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xiii] Bu konudaki bir tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bkz. Mathew Huber, \u201cFive Principles of a Socialist Climate Politics,\u201d 16 A\u011fustos 2018, https:\/\/www.the-trouble.com\/content\/2018\/8\/16\/five-principals-of-a-socialist-climate-politics. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xiv] Enerji devrimini piyasa akt\u00f6rlerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremeyece\u011fini, hareketlerin hareketi olacak k\u00fcresel iklim hareketinin bas\u0131nc\u0131 alt\u0131nda II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndakine benzer topyek\u00fbn bir seferberlik \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde planlaman\u0131n ve devlet m\u00fcdahalesinin zorunlu olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden bir tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bkz. Andreas Malm, \u201cTime to pull the plugs,\u201d https:\/\/roarmag.org\/magazine\/time-pull-plugs\/. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xv] Daha geni\u015f bir tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bkz. Stefo Benlisoy, \u201cM\u00fc\u015fterekleri Anti-kapitalist bir Program \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde Tart\u0131\u015fmak,\u201d 16 Kas\u0131m 2014, https:\/\/baslangicdergi.org\/musterekleri-anti-kapitalist-bir-program-cercevesinde-tartismak-stefo-benlisoy\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 Dergi<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

K\u00fcresel ekolojik krizin insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck meydan okuma oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek abart\u0131 say\u0131lmaz. \u0130\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fumuz y\u00fczy\u0131lda bu krize verilecek yan\u0131t\u0131n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3994,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3993","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-iklim-krizi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3993","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3993"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3993\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3995,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3993\/revisions\/3995"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3994"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3993"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3993"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yesildirenis.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3993"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}